Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 UroScience and Department of Surgery (Urology), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Unicamp, and Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, PUC-Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
2 Ebnesina Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Genetics, Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
4 Department of Urology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Highlights
Keywords
Main Subjects
Introduction
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic that results from infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an international concern, showing a significant warning to public health (1). There is insufficient data about COVID-19 because it is a new disease, and all its symptoms are not entirely known (2).
The patients with COVID- 19 present firstly with fever, cough, diarrhea, shortness of breath, and lack of taste. Although respiratory symptoms are the main sign of COVID-19, various organs are involved, including the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, bone marrow, liver, and kidney (3-5). In addition, the lower urinary tract is a possible SARS-CoV-2 target due to significant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in urothelial cells (6). Recently, Can et al. found that lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) might be one of the COVID-19 infection symptoms, and in elderly patients, the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) significantly increased (7). The most common lower urinary tract involvement symptoms are urinary frequency, nocturia, and storage symptoms (8).
Kidney transplantation recipients are one of the high-risk groups for COVID-19 infection because of immunosuppression therapy (9). The number of kidney transplantation recipients with COVID-19 was 2–5 times greater than in the general population (10), and the mortality rate of COVID-19 in kidney transplantation recipients was approximately 20-28%, compared to 1-5% in the general population (11). Kidney transplantation recipients are one of the most vulnerable populations to COVID-19 infection and are more prone to develop COVID-19 complications so that lower urinary tract would be seriously affected by COVID-19 disease in this population.
According to our knowledge, no studies assess the effect of COVID-19 on LUTS in kidney transplantation recipients. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 disease on LUTS in kidney transplantation recipients using the IPSS, a validated tool.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included all consecutive patients who underwent kidney transplantation at Sina Hospital (Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran), and all donors were unrelated. This study was approved by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences ethics committee (IR.TUMS.MEDICINE.REC.1400.1488).
The Covid-19 infection was confirmed with oropharyngeal swabs' real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All patients with urinary tract infections were excluded from the study. The treating medical staff obtained demographic and clinical data from patients' medical records and interviews. All participants filled out written informed consents. The study protocol was approved by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences Ethics Committee and carried out by the Declaration of Helsinki.
The IPSS, a previously validated assessment (11), assessed LUTS symptoms. Participants were asked to score their condition regarding the COVID- 19 duration. The IPSS scores of all patients were recorded. IPSS was categorized into mild (0–7), moderate (8–19), and severe symptoms (20–35) (12).
Statistical analysis
Continuous and categorical variables were described as mean ± SD and frequency (%). The chi-square and Fisher's exact were applied to find the association between demographic and clinical characteristics of kidney transplant recipients with and without Covid-19. Also, the Mann–Whitney U was used to compare the continuous variables between these two groups. Finally, LUTS were categorized into two groups, and OR (95%CI) was calculated based on univariate logistic regression analysis.
Results
The demographic and clinical information are described in Table 1. Totally 153 patients participated in the study; 67 (43.8%) and 86 (56.2%) patients were kidney transplant recipients with and without Covid-19. Of all patients, the mean age was 49.7+12.9 years, the mean body mass index (BMI) was 26.8±4.7 kg/m2, 105 (68.6%) males, and the mean graft duration was 9.7±6.6 years. As displayed in Table 1, there were no significant differences in sex, age, BMI, graft duration, the type of graft donor, transplantation frequency, comorbidities distribution, and drug treatments between kidney transplant recipients with and without Covid-19 (P-value> 0.05).
The mean IPSS in kidney transplant recipients with and without Covid-19 was 2.74±3.0 and 1.96±2.7, respectively. There were significantly higher IPSS scores in patients with Covid-19 (P-value=0.03) (Table 2). The odd ratios for IPSS in kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 are shown in Table 3. The kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 had a higher risk of moderate IPSS (OR: 1.5 CI 95%: 0.5-4.9) than those without COVID-19, but it is not significant (P-value=0.4).
Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics between kidney transplant recipients with and without COVID-19
|
Total n=153 |
Covid patients n= 67(43.8%) |
Non-Covid patients n= 86(56.2%) |
P-value |
Baseline characteristics |
||||
Mean Age, years |
49.7 ± 12.9 |
48.5 ± 12.4 |
50.6 ± 13.3 |
0.3 |
Sex, n (%) |
|
|
|
0.1 |
Male |
105 (68.6) |
41 (62.7) |
63 (73.3) |
|
Female |
48 (31.4) |
25 (37.3) |
23 (26.7) |
|
Mean BMI, Kg/m2 |
26.8 ± 4.7 |
26.9 ± 4.6 |
26.7 ± 4.7 |
0.8 |
Graft duration, years |
9.7 ± 6.6 |
9.5 ± 6.6 |
9.9 ± 6.6 |
0.7 |
Type of graft donor, n (%) |
|
|
|
0.8 |
Alive donor |
72 (47.1) |
40 (46.5) |
32 (47.8) |
|
Brain death |
81 (52.9) |
35 (52.2) |
46 (53.5) |
|
Transplantation frequency, n (%) |
|
|
|
0.1 |
Once |
137 (89.5) |
57 (85.1) |
80 (93.0) |
|
Twice |
16 (10.5) |
10 (14.9) |
6 (7.0) |
|
Transplantation rejection, n (%) |
53 (34.6) |
26 (38.8) |
27 (31.4) |
0.3 |
Comorbidities, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
Hypertension |
81 (52.9) |
32 (47.8) |
49 (57.0) |
0.2 |
Cardiovascular disease |
15 (9.8) |
3 (4.5) |
12 (14.0) |
0.051 |
Diabetes |
39 (25.5) |
17 (25.4) |
22 (25.6) |
0.9 |
Stroke |
5 (3.3) |
2 (3.0) |
3 (3.5) |
0.9 |
Kidney problem |
80 (52.3) |
40 (59.7) |
40 (46.5) |
0.1 |
CMV infection |
16 (10.5) |
8 (11.9) |
8(9.3) |
0.5 |
Drug treatment, n (%) |
||||
Cell cept |
98 (64.1) |
43 (64.2) |
55 (64.0) |
0.9 |
Tacrolimus |
61 (39.9) |
27 (40.3) |
34 (39.5) |
0.9 |
Azuthripsin |
21 (13.7) |
9 (13.4) |
12 (14.0) |
0.9 |
(Rapamicin) |
14 (9.2) |
7 (10.4) |
7 (8.1) |
0.6 |
Prednisolone |
147 (96.1) |
62 (92.5) |
85 (98.8) |
0.08 |
Cyclosporin |
84 (54.9) |
37 (55.2) |
47 (54.7) |
0.9 |
P-values were calculated based on Mann–Whitney U, Chi-Square tests, or Fisher's Exact Test
Table 2. IPSS between kidney transplant recipients with and without Covid-19
Outcomes |
Covid patients n= 67(43.8%) |
Non-Covid patients n=86(56.2%) |
P-value |
IPSS (mean ± SD) |
2.74 ± 3.0 |
1.96 ± 2.7 |
0.03 |
Table 3. Odds ratios (CI 95%) for IPSS in COVID-19 patients
Outcomes | Non-Covid patients (Reference) |
Covid patients |
OR | P-value |
IPSS (Moderate) |
6 (7%) |
7 (10%) |
1.5 (0.5-4.87) |
0.44 |
Discussion
According to our knowledge, no studies assess the effect of COVID-19 on LUTS in kidney transplantation recipients. Therefore, the present study evaluated the impact of COVID-19 disease on LUTS in kidney transplantation recipients and found significantly higher LUTS in COVID-19 kidney transplantation recipients.
Kidney transplant recipients are more vulnerable to several infections because of immunosuppression therapy to avoid allograft rejection (13). Therefore, immunosuppression drugs increase the risk and severity of infections in kidney transplant recipients, leading to reasonable worry about the impacts of COVID-19 disease on this population. On the other hand, cell-surface protein ACE2, the essential receptor for SARS-CoV-2, is highly expressed in the urothelial cells, which might be a possible link with LUTS (6). Therefore, we hypothesized that the COVID-19 disease would seriously affect the lower urinary tract in kidney transplant recipients.
The present study indicated that the mean IPSS of kidney transplantation recipients with COVID-19 was significantly greater than without COVID-19. Also, in our research, the kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 had a 1.5 times higher risk of moderate IPSS than those without COVID-19, but this correlation was not significant because of the small sample size.
Previous studies assessed the impact of COVID-19 infection on LUTS in different populations, which presented the COVID-19 most likely effect on the lower urinary tract (7, 14, 15). Nabeeh et al., evaluated the impact of COVID-19 on LUTS in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and presented that COVID-19 infection significantly affected LUTS in BPH patients. They showed that after COVID-19 infection, there were significant increases in IPSS, post voiding residual urine (PVR), and quality of life (Qol) compared to before infection. Also, the maximum flow rate (Qmax) significantly decreased after the COVID-19 infection (14, 16).
Can et al's., study in elderly patients found that LUTS was significantly higher after COVID-19 infection, and they suggested that older adults with increased LUTS had better be assessed for COVID-19 (7). On the other hand, LUTS has also been recommended to predict the severity of COVID-19 in patients with BPH (17).
Recent documents have described that SARS-CoV-2 is found in animal and human urine (18, 19), and frequent urination was indicated as a common sign of COVID-19 (20). Additionally, Kaya et al. showed that LUTS might be one of the early signs of COVID-19 disease (21). However, in the Marand et al. study, COVID-19 patients did not report having any LUTS, even those with a positive SARS-CoV-2 in the urine (22), suggesting that not all patients did have might develop COVID-19-related LUTS.
Last but not least, although the LUTS evaluation is limited to the IPSS, it is the most used tool in the clinical practice, in addition to measuring the quality-of-life impact in a scenario where no ideal tool exists (20), and invasive methods should be avoided due to transplant-related immunosuppression.
The strength of the present study is that it is the first study to show the impact of COVID-19 on LUTS in kidney transplant recipients. There were some limitations to the current research:
Therefore, while we hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 might affect the lower urinary tract function in kidney transplanted patients, those with more LUTS might be more susceptible to COVID-19.
Future studies with a greater sample size and SARS-CoV-2 urine analysis are necessary to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 on the lower urinary tract in kidney transplant recipients and further explore the long-term impact and potential sequels.
Conclusion
We pioneering found that LUTS in kidney transplant recipients measured by the validated tool IPSS was significantly more intense in those affected by COVID-19 infection. Future studies are necessary to explore the long-term impact and potential sequels.
Authors’ contributions
RR designed the study, AM wrote the manuscript; EM performed the analysis; PZ and VS collected the data; LOR reviewed and edited the manuscript.
Acknowledgments
Special thanks to the Urology Research Center at Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran.
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that there is no potential competition or conflict of interest.
Funding
There was no funding.
Ethics statement
This study was approved by the ethics committee at Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR.TUMS.MEDICINE.REC.1400.1488).
Data availability
Data will be provided on request.
Abbreviations
BPH Benign prostatic hyperplasia
IPSS International Prostate Symptom Score
LUTS Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
PCR Polymerase chain reaction
PVR Post voiding residual urine
Qol Quality of life